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말씀하셨듯이 주마다 다르기 때문에 말씀드리기가 어렵습니다만
우선 좀 detail 한 법률적인 부분을 배제하면
Dashcam 사용 자체로는 불법이 아니나 어디에 장착하느냐에 따라 불법이 될 수 있습니다.
대부분의 주에서 앞 유리에 부착하는 건 불법입니다.
Dashcam 뿐만이 아니라 GPS, Phone mount 등등
https://dashcamerasreviews.com/dashboard-camera-legality-usa/

구체적으로 California만 말씀 드리면
부착하는 장소가 정해져 있습니다.

California Vehicle Code (CVC 26708(b)(13)(A)

(13) (A) A video event recorder with the capability of monitoring driver performance to improve driver safety, which may be mounted in a seven-inch square in the lower corner of the windshield farthest removed from the driver, in a five-inch square in the lower corner of the windshield nearest to the driver and outside of an airbag deployment zone, or in a five-inch square mounted to the center uppermost portion of the interior of the windshield. As used in this section, “video event recorder” means a video recorder that continuously records in a digital loop, recording audio, video, and G-force levels, but saves video only when triggered by an unusual motion or crash or when operated by the driver to monitor driver performance.

http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH§ionNum=26708.

미국은 만들어져 달려 나온것이면 합법
장착이면 a/s 보험적용안됩니다
이정도 이해해주세요

googling 하니까 이렿게 나와 있는데 참고 하세요
"Though dash cams are legal in California, there are limits. First, a dash cam in a private car must be away from the areas in which airbags will deploy if triggered. Second, the dash cam cannot be more than seven square inches if it is placed in the lower right hand corner of the windshield, and no more than five square inches if installed in the upper center of the windshield."